This technique, referrred to as microscopically assisted percutaneous nucleotomy (MAPN) allows optimal, three-dimensional visualisation of the surgical fi eld through the surgical microscope.

• Without sacrifi ces in quality the same discal pathologies can be treated as with the standard microsurgical technique
• Neither wound drainage nor post-operative orthesis is required, thus enhancing patient comfort.
• Moreover the same technique allows a less invasive variant of access to all other levels of the posterior spinal column